propensity score — Zia Hassan

Function: The BIS is responsible for sensitivity to punishment, non-reward, and novel situations. It regulates avoidance behavior.
Emotional Responses: It is associated with feelings of anxiety, fear, and apprehension. When activated, it can lead to cautious or inhibited behavior.
Neurobiological Basis: The BIS is thought to involve brain regions such as the hippocampus and amygdala, which are associated with processing risk and fear.

This is a way to control for multiple possible confounders .

$$ p(X) = Pr(Z = 1|X) $$ Z = primary risk factor

Estimate the propensity score (relationship between Z and the X’s using logistic regression) Stratifies into quantiles on the estimated propensity score ranging from low-high Estimate the risk factor effect on the outcome within each propensity score quantiles Pool all estimates, investigate the assocation between Y and Z, controlling for all the propensity scores